Hypercalcemia occurs when blood calcium levels are higher than normal. Hypercalcemia can also cause heart malfunction as well as muscle weakness and kidney stones. As you have learned, proper calcium levels are important to maintain whole body homeostasis. Calcium ions are used for the heartbeat, the contraction of muscles, the activation of enzymes, and cellular communication.
The parathyroid and thyroid glands of the endocrine system detect changes in blood calcium levels. When the parathyroid glands detect low blood calcium levels, several organ systems alter their function to restore blood calcium levels back to normal. The skeletal, urinary, and digestive systems all act as effectors to achieve this goal through negative feedback. The release of parathyroid hormone from the endocrine system triggers osteoclasts of the skeletal system to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.
Similarly, this hormone causes the kidneys of the urinary system to reabsorb calcium and return it to the blood instead of excreting calcium into the urine. Through altered function of the kidneys to form active vitamin D, the small intestine of the digestive system increases the absorption of calcium. When the thyroid gland detects elevated blood calcium levels, the skeletal, urinary, and digestive systems contribute to lower blood calcium levels back to normal.
Release of the hormone calcitonin from the thyroid gland of the endocrine system triggers a series of responses. The osteoblasts of the skeletal system use excess calcium in the blood to deposit new bone.
The kidneys of the urinary system excrete excess calcium into the urine instead of reclaiming calcium through reabsorption. Lastly, the kidneys stop forming active vitamin D, which causes decreased intestinal absorption of calcium through the digestive system. Some of the symptoms are heart palpitations and hand tremors. The endocrine functions of the pancreas and liver coordinate efforts to maintain normal blood glucose levels. When pancreatic cells detect low blood glucose levels, the pancreas synthesizes and secretes the hormone glucagon.
Glucagon causes the liver to convert the polymerized sugar glycogen into glucose through a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucose then travels through the blood to allow all cells of the body to use it. If pancreatic cells detect high blood glucose levels, the pancreas synthesizes and release the hormone insulin. Insulin causes polymerization of glucose into glycogen, which is then stored in the liver through a process known as glycogenesis. The nervous and digestive systems also play a role in maintaining blood glucose levels.
These sensations prompt you to eat, which raises blood glucose levels. The liver and pancreas are part of both the endocrine system and the digestive system. What is the utility of having integrated digestion and regulation? Answer the question s below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section. This short quiz does not count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.
Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to 1 study the previous section further or 2 move on to the next section. Skip to main content. Module Overview of Body Systems. Search for:.
Learning Objectives Discuss how different body systems interact with one another Explain how different organ systems relate to one another to maintain homeostasis Explain how different organ systems work together to maintain blood solute levels. Case Study: Fevers So what happens when you have a fever? The increase in pyrogen chemicals in the blood is stimulating the receptors that reset the upper temperature limit for a febrile response. Temperature is the variable during normal body temperature regulation, but not in this scenario.
Show Answer Answer d is correct. The hypothalamus is the control center for both normal body temperature homeostasis and febrile response. The skeletal muscle, sweat glands, and blood vessels are are all effectors.
Show Answer Option b is correct. This would increase the body temperature. Option a would decrease the body temperature. Show Answer Option d is correct. Muscles, sweat glands, and blood vessels are effectors; they do not serve as a control center. The nervous system allows basic electrical signals to be interpreted into our feelings and sensations.
The digestive system is composed of organs such as the pancreas, stomach, liver, intestines, and gallbladder that can process food and nutrients that enter the body. The lining of the digestive system is another primary barrier to pathogens like viruses. This system works directly with the digestive system.
The urinary system including the kidneys, bladder, and urinary organs is in charge of excreting waste substances from the body, absorbing nutrients before excretion, and detoxifying our systems. The female reproductive system is made up of the uterus and ovaries while the male reproductive system includes the prostate and testis. This biological system is in charge of sexual reproduction. This is the unifying system of all other systems. This is the regulatory system that ensures balance in all other functions of the body.
This is the background code running in your human-computer that allows the software of the other 12 systems to be useful. Now that we have defined these systems, why are they important, and how do they function together so seamlessly? Each system relies on the others in order to keep the body healthy and working correctly. Here are a few examples:. When one of these systems is not functioning properly , you are guaranteed to feel this imbalance throughout the other systems within your body.
If your immune system is left unable to protect the body from outside dangers, your reproductive system and nervous systems are left vulnerable to illness. If your nervous system is compromised, you may lose sensation or mobility in other areas of the body and have limited control of the muscular system. This is why it is essential to protect the body as a whole. Well-rounded nutrition, stress reduction, and physical activity can keep your body happy, healthy, and pain-free.
The goal of wellness is to optimize the coordinated function of these systems for your benefit. We want you to live your best life, and we provide tools and information to do so! Meredith Warner. This line of wellness products is formulated for full-body wellness. But what does this mean? Full-body wellness is exactly what it sounds like. These products, when paired with a healthy and active lifestyle, can help each of the systems in the body to function optimally.
If you are looking for protection from inflammation and free radicals, our Tart Cherry Extract Supplement can provide you with a strong defense. When blood calcium levels are elevated, the parathyroid gland senses that as well. But in this case, instead of increasing its secretion of parathyroid hormone, it decreases secretion of the hormone.
This decreases bone reabsorbtion, increases calcium levels in the urine and decreases calcium absorption in the intestines. The endocrine functions of the pancreas and liver coordinate efforts to maintain normal blood glucose levels. When pancreatic cells detect low blood glucose levels, the pancreas synthesizes and secretes the hormone glucagon.
Glucagon causes the liver to convert the polymerized sugar glycogen into glucose through a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucose then travels through the blood to allow all cells of the body to use it.
If pancreatic cells detect high blood glucose levels, the pancreas synthesizes and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin causes polymerization of glucose into glycogen, which is then stored in the liver through a process known as glycogenesis. The nervous and digestive systems also play a role in maintaining blood glucose levels. These sensations prompt you to eat, which raises blood glucose levels.
All organ systems require a balance of cell division and apoptosis during development, growth, and repair to maintain tissue structure and function. The endocrine and immune systems are important regulators for cell populations. The endocrine system delivers steroids and growth hormones that send survival signals to specific tissues so that apoptosis is prevented.
Additionally, the endocrine system delivers some hormones that work to induce apoptosis under some physiological conditions. The cells of the immune system screen the blood for cells that divide at inappropriate times. Immune cells produce antibodies to mark these out-of-control cells for destruction. A breakdown in these processes can lead to the formation of tumors. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content.
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