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List of Partners vendors. Scarification is a permanent form of body modification that affects the texture of the skin by cutting through layers to purposefully create a scar.
The process can include a number of techniques, including cutting, scratching, or burning. The process has deep roots in West African history as a practice of placing incisions on the skin—either through branding or cutting—that create permanent scars to communicate cultural expression.
The idea originated not from a desire to hurt the human body, but as an alternative to tattooing. By opening up the skin, scarification allows skin tissue to develop along the drawn lines. Because the tissue is damaged skin, it tends to grow back darker.
However, with time, the traditional scarification practice began to disappear. As the practice became less common, those who had received scarring began to face judgment for their choices, rather than having it be seen as a symbol of identity.
Due to pressure from state and religious authorities to modernize, along with clothing being introduced in tribes, scarification began to decline in practice. For these subgroups, scarification was a way to signify identity in terms of community or spirituality — just as it was used in Africa.
For some, this type of body modification sends the message that they don't want to fit into society in the ordinary sense. However, modern, Western scarification is considered by some to be a form of cultural appropriation , as those getting scarred are often doing so based on a fascination of other cultures—fascination that may lead to romanticization and misrepresentation rather than appreciation.
This treatment might be based in nostalgia for a culture that was never experienced as well; Pitts compares this to someone living in the modern age with a traditional Maori tattoo. But whether or not the practice is more appropriation or appreciation, there is a proper way to scar, as well as a proper way to heal the wounds.
Safe scarification is performed on the same layer of skin as tattoos: the dermis, just below the epidermis. Scarification can happen either by branding—which involves pressing a heated metal design into the skin—or by cutting, which uses sharp objects to carve into the skin. Patterns were chiseled into the skin to create parallel ridges and grooves, much like designs cut into wood. This painful process created raised tattoos that made Maori men look fierce in battle and attractive to women. Since no two patterns were alike, the raised facial tattoos also marked identity.
Today in the U. A Harris poll estimated that 36 percent of to year-olds in the U. Now some are going further. They are scarring themselves by cutting or branding their skin—a process known as scarification. In the U. But by the early s, members of a neotribal, or "modern primitive," movement began using scarification. For some, this type of body modification sends the message that they don't want to fit into society in the ordinary sense. Over the last seven or eight years, Pitts said, scarification has become remarkably widespread in the U.
Scarification is done either by cutting repeatedly with a scalpel, using a cauterizing tool, or by "strike branding," which is much like cattle branding. After cleaning the area and stenciling on the design, the artist begins cutting or burning the skin until reaching the right depth and width.
People around the globe have long used their bodies as canvases for the expression of cultural identity, community status, connection to ancestors or gods—and to mark rites of passage or to "wear" a permanent amulet.
The Maori and other western Pacific peoples have a long history of tattooing. The word "tattoo" is believed to have originated in Polynesia from tatau, which means "to mark. Some tattooing and scarification rituals are extremely painful. Joseph Campbell noted in his book Primitive Mythology: The Masks of God that throughout the world, the rituals of transformation from infancy to manhood are often excruciating ordeals. Many are deeply sacred rites.
In Papua New Guinea's Sepik region, scarification is an initiation rite for young men. There, it is believed that crocodiles created humans. The initiate's chest, back, and buttocks are sliced with a bamboo sliver to test their strength and self-discipline. The resulting scars represent teeth marks of the crocodile that "swallowed" the young man during the ceremony. In Australia, scarring was practiced widely among Aboriginal peoples but is now restricted almost entirely to parts of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.
The multiple-strikes brand divides the design into many smaller sections about an inch long, shorter if the branding has smaller details. Strikes will overlap and some areas may be re-branded for consistency.
A uniform branding requires that all of the strikes be evenly distributed in relation to the surface of the skin. The strike iron should be hot enough to cause third-degree burns to skin tissue, in order to form a permanent scar.
Sources of heat can be anything from a propane torch to an open fire. Strike brand instruments are fabricated from metal, either as complete tools or as small, shaped designs held by a gripping tool.
Metal retains and transfers heat effectively, quickly, and predictably to the skin. Most strike branding tools are made from thin, high-grade stainless steel sheet metal. Other materials used as branding tools include the following: silver, copper, random metal findings, and ceramics.
Thin materials are preferred for branding irons, because they are easy to heat and form, and decrease the risk of unwanted damage. Cautery branding uses modern tools and technology, such as soldering irons and lasers, to apply the branding. An electrocautery unit, invented by Steve Haworth, has been called laser branding. This branding technology is similar to an arc welder, but designed for the skin. The body is negatively grounded while the positively charged electric spark jolts from the branding electrode to the skin, searing the skin tissue it touches.
An electrocautery unit provides precise control over the depth of the brand and intricate nature of the designs. Cautery branding, regardless of the tools and technology utilized, is considered to be the most painful form of branding. Freeze branding is similar to strike branding. Instead of putting the branding iron into a fire to heat it, it is immersed into liquid nitrogen or another cooling solution. The iron is then pressed into the skin.
If the hair grows back it will be white. Freeze branding takes longer to do than fire branding and may take days to become visible, while fire branding shows results immediately. This branding method is extremely rare and not often used among body modification enthusiasts, but ranchers consider it as an extremely effective method for branding their livestock, because it does only minor damage to the hide and leaves distinctive branding marks of white hair.
Branding fumes contain dangerous biological substances from the skin of the person being branded. While some of these airborne viruses and bacteria are dangerous to humans, the heat of the branding destroys most of these germs that can affect humans. Still, branders use HEPA air filters, ventilation systems, and respiratory masks while branding to prevent the transfer of airborne viruses and bacteria.
There are two schools of thought regarding the aftercare of brandings-LITA or "leave it alone," or irritation.
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